Malaria

Malaria:

Definition:

Malaria is an infectious febrile disease caused by female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria parasite is transmitted by this mosquito from one patient to a healthy person. WHO reports that 300 to 500 million people catch Malaria every years and in 1 to 2 million are fatal. 90% of mortality occur in children under five in Africa. Malaria was a global disease in the past, but nowadays severely is reduced in Europe and is more common in Africa and Southeast Asia. In America the majority of those who have suffered from malaria are travelers who have traveled to other areas. Usually Malaria is divided into uncomplicated and severe and generally malaria can be healed if it is diagnosed and in time attention. The important thing about this disease-causing parasites is becoming resistant to the old antiphrastic drugs and Anopheles mosquitoes insecticide. Information are based on the centers of drug-resistant malaria which is published each year by the World Health Organization (WHO). There is an interesting point about malaria that the patients in African countries who have certain blood disorders such as Sickle-cell disease (in which red blood cells are sickle-shaped) and thalassemia are more common are mostly survived and lived. The reason is that this type of anemia cause resistance form fatal malaria.

Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease

Definition:

With increasing age, more brain aging chronic diseases appear, Parkinson's disease is one of them. After Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease is considered as the most common devastating neurological diseases (neurodegenerative). This neurological condition (relating to the nervous system) affects the brain and nervous system. The main problem is that patients have no body movement’s control. Parkinson's appear initially mild and gradually becomes severe. In the early years patient can handle life without the need for medicine, then patient slow movement’s becomes the problem. The disease is more common in men 2 to 3 times than women at ages over 50 years and also sometimes occurs in young adults. The disease gradually worsens and the person can live 20 to 25 years with the disease. Each year in America, more than 60 thousand people are added to the number of patients every year and it is currently at about close to one and a half million people in America who suffer from Parkinson's disease.

Transmission:

The main factor for the disease is the decrease in the production of dopamine in the body. Dopamine is a chemical nerve agent that helps to transmit messages between nerve cells. Dopamine is very effective to transfer commands from the brain to the muscles for direct control of body movements and also the smooth muscles movement and prevent shaking. Loss of dopamine causes tremors, motion stiffness and slowness.

Genetic risk is often the underlying cause of the disorder which occurs in multiple genes. Approximately 15% of patients have a family history of disease. According to recent observations respiratory and skin exposure with a variety of fungal pesticides and insecticides, detergents and solvents, including doubled the chance of Parkinson's disease. The intensity and duration of contact will increase the chance to develop the disease. Sometimes carbon monoxide poisoning can also be a cause. Severe traumatic brain injury and repeated blows to the head in boxers are the other factors. Mental sedative and psychotropic drugs like Phenothiazine in acute and chronic causes Parkinson and symptoms can get better with stopping the treatment. The disease can be caused by brain tumors, encephalitis after influenza and virus infection with slow growth.

 Symptoms:

At the beginning, visiting a doctor is often associated with tremor in an arm or leg that gradually becomes concentrated and radiates. Eventually, the patient becomes disabled due to slow movement and impaired balance. Olfactory system disorders have been identified in association with Parkinson's disease. Now, a new study suggests that loss of smell sense can predict the several years in advance. Mood changes, depression, memory loss, sore body and sleep disturbances have been seen in some patients in advanced stages. Patients with medicine treatment run their everyday business for years without the need for help. In advanced stages, muscle rigidity, slowed body movements and postural curvature caused problem for patient movement and people around them and finally patients require help for every type of motion such as dressing and eating. 

Another problem in patients with Parkinson are urination difficulties and frequent urination which occur due to prostate enlargement or bladder spasms. Constipation may occur due to lack of exercise, poor nutrition and reduced autonomic nervous cells in the patient's stomach. About 30 percent of patients with Parkinson's disease are depressed which is caused by social interaction difficulties, restricted activities, being not productive and some chemical changes in the nervous centers.

In general, the symptoms of Parkinson's disease can be divided into two parts:

Rabies or Hydrophobia

Rabies or Hydrophobia

Definition:

This is an infectious and extreme deadly virus which attack central nervous system (CNS). This is caused by infected animals bite. This is specific to Domestic and wild carnivores which can accidentally through bites infect humans and mammals. Rabies kills 25 to 40 thousand usually in developing countries. Rabies is first a zoonotic disease between humans and other warm-blooded animals, particularly carnivores, but it is more an animal disease. There are many countries which had no report of this disease. I name several of them: Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Hawaii, Taiwan, Germany, United Kingdom, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Portugal, Greece and Cyprus. Rabies can occur in two different way:

Dog: through dogs especially stray dogs.

Other wild animals: they are host to this disease and can transmit them to cities animals like cats and dogs or domestic animals. In Europe transmission through fox was common, but it had been controlled by widely food vaccination.

Rabies is important for many reasons like:

High death rate (100 %): After symptoms are visible patient or animal will die. No treatment!

Increasing rate of animals bite: Every year healthcare must spend a big amount of money in order to purchase serums and vaccine to save vulnerable or recently bitten.

Livestock deaths and economic losses caused by this disease in animals.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Definition:

MS or Multiple sclerosis is a common neurology disease which is more common in young adults. This disease will destroy the neurons cover which will lead to different range of problems from loss of muscle control to vision difficulties. This disease is 3 or 4 time more on women. Moreover north Europe and America have higher rate. Research proved this disease outbreak is lower in the area near equator and the risk is almost 0 in 40 degree north and south. Also people who had a MS in their persistence are more likely to get it. It happens usually between 20 to 40 years old, but other range like below 20 and above 40 are also possible. White people have higher rate and after WHO report it said almost 4 million people suffers from this disease.

Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease

Definition:

Alzheimer's is a kind of Dementia that affects memory, talking and thinking abilities so it will make problems by normal daily and social activities. The most common disease of this form is Alzheimer. Alzheimer is a name of scientist which was the first to discover this disease at 1906 on a 45 years old man.  This disease usually starts at age of 65+ although at the age of 40 or 50 was also seen. From the age of 65 rate will be doubled for every 5 years. Usually 0.25% of people age 65 to 70 and 24% on people aged 85+ have this disease. The rate between genders are same but because women live usually longer the number of women with this disease are more. Researchers believe that women are more likely to be affected by this disease as men because men’s mind can overcome better.

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

Definition:

Corona viruses are the viruses which most of the people will catch them in their lifetime. They spotted on 1960 which lead to a simple to semiserious disease in upper breathing system. The name of Conora is derived from a Latin name because of its appearance under electron microscope which is like spikes. It means crown or halo. There were 3 main subgroup of this virus with name of Alpha, Beta, Gama plus a recently recognized Delta. Corona Virus can also infect animals. They usually attack a single species among monkeys, cats, dogs, camels and rodents. The most famous disease which corona virus is responsible is SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) which fortunately since 2004 had not been reported globally. The last disease which this group caused was Mers-CoV in Saudi Arabia in 60 years old man which led to patient death.  Health Protection Laboratories in Colindale approved the discovery of this virus. Until now 550 people are confirmed to have this virus mainly from Saudi Arabia. Some also had been reported in United Arabs Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain which caused a total death of 175 people. WHO concerns about this Virus outbreak risk after several approved reports from European countries like France, UK and Italy.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Definition

ALS will occur by degeneration of motor neurons in the Cerebral cortex, brain stem and spinal cord with unknown reason. This is a kind of malignant disease in motor neurons which will slowly disable them so the brain cannot send movement orders to muscles. Due to the lack of movements, muscles will be degraded eventually disappear. This disease target Central nervous system and muscles, especially the muscles of the hands, forearms, feet, head and neck. People usually pass away within 2 to 5 years but 20% will stay alive 5 years and 10% will live 10 years. There are some possible exception. A well-known physics professor Stephen Hawkings had lived with his disease for more than 47 years. He had the disease since he was 22. Lou Gehrig's is another name for ALS.